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随便说几句关于单端口多用户的设计。简单来说这是一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题,服务器要知道连进来的是哪个用户,但流量是加密的,要知道用户ID才能进行解密。于是用户ID需要一套额外的沟通机制。

1. 总体性能最优的方案是 TLS 的证书交换机制,除了证书相关的几百个字节之外没有额外的开销,通讯性能也相当好。唯一的问题是证书交换时有明显的握手特征。
2. Shadowsocks 不支持多用户。服务器唯一的兼容做法是尝试使用每一个用户密钥解密流量,在用户量大的时候会影响握手性能。
3. SSR 支持多用户但有一个问题,其对用户ID的加密没有满足密码学的要求。
4. VMess 对于多用户的解决方案是预生成大量的密钥(每秒钟N个,N = AlterID + 1)并缓存哈希后的数据,用空间换时间的方式判断用户ID,并保证ID不会被破解。

Q: 用户ID被破解有什么意义?
A: 由于单个客户端长期使用单个ID(密钥),如果能从流量反推出稳定的ID,那也就间接证明了这些流量都用了某一种协议。



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随便说几句关于单端口多用户的设计。简单来说这是一个先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题,服务器要知道连进来的是哪个用户,但流量是加密的,要知道用户ID才能进行解密。于是用户ID需要一套额外的沟通机制。

1. 总体性能最优的方案是 TLS 的证书交换机制,除了证书相关的几百个字节之外没有额外的开销,通讯性能也相当好。唯一的问题是证书交换时有明显的握手特征。
2. Shadowsocks 不支持多用户。服务器唯一的兼容做法是尝试使用每一个用户密钥解密流量,在用户量大的时候会影响握手性能。
3. SSR 支持多用户但有一个问题,其对用户ID的加密没有满足密码学的要求。
4. VMess 对于多用户的解决方案是预生成大量的密钥(每秒钟N个,N = AlterID + 1)并缓存哈希后的数据,用空间换时间的方式判断用户ID,并保证ID不会被破解。

Q: 用户ID被破解有什么意义?
A: 由于单个客户端长期使用单个ID(密钥),如果能从流量反推出稳定的ID,那也就间接证明了这些流量都用了某一种协议。

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How Does Bitcoin Work?

Bitcoin is built on a distributed digital record called a blockchain. As the name implies, blockchain is a linked body of data, made up of units called blocks that contain information about each and every transaction, including date and time, total value, buyer and seller, and a unique identifying code for each exchange. Entries are strung together in chronological order, creating a digital chain of blocks. “Once a block is added to the blockchain, it becomes accessible to anyone who wishes to view it, acting as a public ledger of cryptocurrency transactions,” says Stacey Harris, consultant for Pelicoin, a network of cryptocurrency ATMs. Blockchain is decentralized, which means it’s not controlled by any one organization. “It’s like a Google Doc that anyone can work on,” says Buchi Okoro, CEO and co-founder of African cryptocurrency exchange Quidax. “Nobody owns it, but anyone who has a link can contribute to it. And as different people update it, your copy also gets updated.”

Among the actives, Ascendas REIT sank 0.64 percent, while CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust plummeted 1.42 percent, City Developments plunged 1.12 percent, Dairy Farm International tumbled 0.86 percent, DBS Group skidded 0.68 percent, Genting Singapore retreated 0.67 percent, Hongkong Land climbed 1.30 percent, Mapletree Commercial Trust lost 0.47 percent, Mapletree Logistics Trust tanked 0.95 percent, Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation dropped 0.61 percent, SATS rose 0.24 percent, SembCorp Industries shed 0.54 percent, Singapore Airlines surrendered 0.79 percent, Singapore Exchange slid 0.30 percent, Singapore Press Holdings declined 1.03 percent, Singapore Technologies Engineering dipped 0.26 percent, SingTel advanced 0.81 percent, United Overseas Bank fell 0.39 percent, Wilmar International eased 0.24 percent, Yangzijiang Shipbuilding jumped 1.42 percent and Keppel Corp, Thai Beverage, CapitaLand and Comfort DelGro were unchanged.

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